What movement in South Africa aimed to promote pride and political awareness among the African majority, often through protest?

The Black Consciousness movement emerged in South Africa during the late 1960s and 1970s as a significant force in advocating for the rights and dignity of black South Africans. Its primary aim was to instill a sense of pride and political awareness among the African majority, especially in response to the oppressive apartheid system. The movement encouraged black individuals to embrace their identity and reject the internalized racism perpetuated by apartheid policies.

Leaders like Steve Biko emphasized the importance of self-identity and psychological liberation, stressing that true freedom could only be attained if black South Africans recognized their worth and agency. Through non-violent protests, community activism, and cultural expression, the Black Consciousness movement sought to empower the disenfranchised and challenge the status quo of racial inequality.

In contrast, while Pan Africanism also emphasizes pride and unity among African peoples, it is broader in scope and focuses on the global context and diaspora rather than specifically on the South African context during apartheid. Socialism involves economic and political theories about the distribution of resources but does not focus explicitly on the racial identity or consciousness of black South Africans. African Nationalism generally refers to the desire for self-determination and independence among African nations but does not encapsulate the unique psychological