What philosophy did the apartheid government introduce in 1958 regarding the citizenship status of black individuals?

The philosophy of "Separate development" was introduced by the apartheid government in 1958, reflecting the regime's belief in racial segregation and the notion that different racial groups should develop separately. This concept underpinned the government's policies, emphasizing that black individuals should not only live in distinct areas but also have their own separate political and economic systems.

The idea was that black South Africans would be given a form of limited self-governance in designated areas, often referred to as Bantustans or homelands, while the majority white population maintained political control over the country as a whole. This practice aimed to minimize the interaction and integration between different races, reinforcing racial disparities and ensuring that white supremacy remained intact in South African society.

In contrast, the other philosophies listed did not align with the apartheid government's objectives. Affirmative action generally refers to measures intended to improve opportunities for marginalized groups, which was not a principle of apartheid. Political integration advocates for the inclusion of various racial and ethnic groups within the political system, something that apartheid explicitly rejected. Social equality implies equal rights and status for all individuals, regardless of race, which was fundamentally opposed to the ideology of apartheid.