What was the year of the Defiance Campaign against apartheid?

The year of the Defiance Campaign against apartheid was 1952. This campaign marked a significant moment in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, as it was organized by the African National Congress (ANC) and included the Congress of Democrats, the South African Indian Congress, and the Colored People's Congress. The Defiance Campaign aimed to challenge unjust laws by promoting civil disobedience and encouraging nonviolent resistance.

In this campaign, activists deliberately broke apartheid laws, such as the pass laws, which required black South Africans to carry identification documents, and faced arrest as a form of protest. This movement laid the groundwork for future resistance against apartheid and galvanized support across various communities, making it a pivotal event in the anti-apartheid struggle.

The other years mentioned, such as 1960, 1948, and 1956, do not correspond to the start of the Defiance Campaign. Specifically, 1948 marks the formal beginning of apartheid, while 1960 is known for the Sharpeville Massacre, and 1956 is associated with the Women's March against pass laws.