Which leader's government initiated the second stage of the apartheid era, known as Grand Apartheid?

The correct answer is B. HF Verwoerd, who is often referred to as the "Architect of Apartheid." Under his leadership in the 1960s, the policies of apartheid were significantly intensified, marking the beginning of what is termed Grand Apartheid. This stage involved the extension of segregation laws beyond urban areas into the rural landscape, impacting land ownership and the movement of black people. Verwoerd's government sought to entrench racial segregation on a deeper level, implementing measures that institutionalized the separation of races into different geographical areas, thereby affecting housing, education, and economic opportunities for non-whites. This phase was characterized by a more systematic and elaborate enforcement of apartheid policies that aimed to consolidate white dominance and minimize any potential opposition from the black majority.

The other leaders mentioned either predate this stage or were involved in different aspects of the apartheid era. Daniel François Malan was in power during the early years of apartheid and is associated with its initial establishment. P.W. Botha became a prominent figure later, during the 1980s, and dealt with attempts at reform and resistance. Thabo Mbeki, who served as president in the late 1990s and early 2000s, represents a post-apart